摘要 :
Water distribution pipe problems can be addressed
through either rehabilitation, trenchless or open-cut
replacement.1.Main Rehabilitation: Improvements of the
functional service of an existing pipeline system
by lining the int...
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Water distribution pipe problems can be addressed
through either rehabilitation, trenchless or open-cut
replacement.1.Main Rehabilitation: Improvements of the
functional service of an existing pipeline system
by lining the interior, involves placing a water
tight surface inside of an existing pipeline system
without requiring extensive excavation of the soil.
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摘要 :
Water distribution pipe problems can be addressed
through either rehabilitation, trenchless or open-cut
replacement.1.Main Rehabilitation: Improvements of the
functional service of an existing pipeline system
by lining the interio...
展开
Water distribution pipe problems can be addressed
through either rehabilitation, trenchless or open-cut
replacement.1.Main Rehabilitation: Improvements of the
functional service of an existing pipeline system
by lining the interior, involves placing a water
tight surface inside of an existing pipeline system
without requiring extensive excavation of the soil.
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摘要 :
Post-hurricane damage assessments have documented the failure of wall components and connections including the loss of various types of siding materials. In addition, recent U.S. model building/energy code changes are expected to ...
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Post-hurricane damage assessments have documented the failure of wall components and connections including the loss of various types of siding materials. In addition, recent U.S. model building/energy code changes are expected to lead to increased use of continuous insulation, particularly foam sheathing attached to the exterior surface of light-frame wall framing, to achieve advanced energy code compliance. A particular need for multi-layer wall systems is the understanding of wind loads on the various layers so that designers and product manufacturers can ensure acceptable building envelope performance of energy efficient wall systems in high-wind events, such as hurricanes.To address the knowledge gaps and practical concerns related to multi-layer wall systems with air-permeable exterior cladding, the Foam Sheathing Committee (FSC) of the American Chemistry Council (ACC), the Vinyl Siding Institute (VSI), the National Association Home Builders Research Center (NAHB RC), State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS), and others have initiated research into wind loads on layers of multilayer wall systems. Results presented in this paper include determination of wind pressure loading on layers of exterior wall assemblies that include vinyl siding, continuous insulation (rigid foam sheathing) on the exterior side of the wall assembly or Oriented Strand Board (OSB) exterior sheathing, insulation in the wall cavity and gypsum board interior sheathing.This paper presents results obtained from full-scale wind tunnel tests and compares them with results obtained using dynamic pressure chamber tests. The full-scale wind tunnel tests indicate that porous exterior siding experiences higher wind loads and that the interior gypsum wall board experiences lower loads than previously measured in dynamic pressure chamber tests. Results of the different test methods are compared and implications are discussed.
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摘要 :
Post-hurricane damage assessments have documented the failure of wall components and connections including the loss of various types of siding materials. In addition, recent U.S. model building/energy code changes are expected to ...
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Post-hurricane damage assessments have documented the failure of wall components and connections including the loss of various types of siding materials. In addition, recent U.S. model building/energy code changes are expected to lead to increased use of continuous insulation, particularly foam sheathing attached to the exterior surface of light-frame wall framing, to achieve advanced energy code compliance. A particular need for multi-layer wall systems is the understanding of wind loads on the various layers so that designers and product manufacturers can ensure acceptable building envelope performance of energy efficient wall systems in high-wind events, such as hurricanes.To address the knowledge gaps and practical concerns related to multi-layer wall systems with air-permeable exterior cladding, the Foam Sheathing Committee (FSC) of the American Chemistry Council (ACC), the Vinyl Siding Institute (VSI), the National Association Home Builders Research Center (NAHB RC), State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS), and others have initiated research into wind loads on layers of multilayer wall systems. Results presented in this paper include determination of wind pressure loading on layers of exterior wall assemblies that include vinyl siding, continuous insulation (rigid foam sheathing) on the exterior side of the wall assembly or Oriented Strand Board (OSB) exterior sheathing, insulation in the wall cavity and gypsum board interior sheathing.This paper presents results obtained from full-scale wind tunnel tests and compares them with results obtained using dynamic pressure chamber tests. The full-scale wind tunnel tests indicate that porous exterior siding experiences higher wind loads and that the interior gypsum wall board experiences lower loads than previously measured in dynamic pressure chamber tests. Results of the different test methods are compared and implications are discussed.
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摘要 :
Evaporator fouling decreases heat transfer rates, causes pressure losses and an overall loss of product quality from inefficient solvent separation. Fouled evaporators decrease plant operating efficiency and require frequent clean...
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Evaporator fouling decreases heat transfer rates, causes pressure losses and an overall loss of product quality from inefficient solvent separation. Fouled evaporators decrease plant operating efficiency and require frequent cleaning which results in production downtime. Maintenance costs increase from evaporator cleaning, chemical detergents and sanitizers. In a corn dry grind plant, thin stillage is concentrated in multiple effect evaporators and mixed with wet grains to produce distillers dried grains with solubles. During thin stillage concentration, fouling occurs on evaporator surfaces due to deposit formation from thin stillage components. Thin stillage is composed of carbohydrates, proteins, fat and fiber. Research on evaporator fouling in corn processing has been limited. Early work on thin stillage fouling has not determined the components of thin stillage that accelerate fouling. Unpublished work from our group showed that shorter chain carbohydrates such as corn syrup solids and glucose did not cause fouling but a longer chain glucose polymer, starch, had higher fouling rates. To study the effects of solids content, thin stillage fouling rates were determined and compared to concentrates collected from individual effects of a multiple effect evaporator. Unrefined corn oil was added to original thin stillage and mixture fouling rates were determined. Effect of oil skimming on concentrated thin stillage also was determined. Thin stillage samples were collected before and after evaporator cleaning and effects of cleaning on fouling rates was determined.
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摘要 :
Evaporator fouling decreases heat transfer rates, causes pressure losses and an overall loss of product quality from inefficient solvent separation. Fouled evaporators decrease plant operating efficiency and require frequent clean...
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Evaporator fouling decreases heat transfer rates, causes pressure losses and an overall loss of product quality from inefficient solvent separation. Fouled evaporators decrease plant operating efficiency and require frequent cleaning which results in production downtime. Maintenance costs increase from evaporator cleaning, chemical detergents and sanitizers. In a corn dry grind plant, thin stillage is concentrated in multiple effect evaporators and mixed with wet grains to produce distillers dried grains with solubles. During thin stillage concentration, fouling occurs on evaporator surfaces due to deposit formation from thin stillage components. Thin stillage is composed of carbohydrates, proteins, fat and fiber. Research on evaporator fouling in corn processing has been limited. Early work on thin stillage fouling has not determined the components of thin stillage that accelerate fouling. Unpublished work from our group showed that shorter chain carbohydrates such as corn syrup solids and glucose did not cause fouling but a longer chain glucose polymer, starch, had higher fouling rates. To study the effects of solids content, thin stillage fouling rates were determined and compared to concentrates collected from individual effects of a multiple effect evaporator. Unrefined corn oil was added to original thin stillage and mixture fouling rates were determined. Effect of oil skimming on concentrated thin stillage also was determined. Thin stillage samples were collected before and after evaporator cleaning and effects of cleaning on fouling rates was determined.
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摘要 :
Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is...
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Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is that seawater ingress can have a great effect on stainless steel 316L, the most commonly used material for the failed components of the direction control valves, since chloride ions destabilize the passive film. Other materials, claimed to be seawater tolerant, are starting to be used in this system. However, problems can still exist due to the complex factors relating to the corrosion process and how the environmental parameters affect the corrosion mechanisms. In this work, the corrosion behaviour of a Nickel Tungsten Carbide (NTC) cermet is compared with stainless steel 316L, in four different water-glycol hydraulic fluids and 50% fluid/50% seawater solutions using an electrochemical test methodology. Detailed conclusions are then made to summarize the advantages and the disadvantages of NTC to be used in this system. The effects of each factor on the corrosion rates and mechanisms are discussed.
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摘要 :
Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is...
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Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is that seawater ingress can have a great effect on stainless steel 316L, the most commonly used material for the failed components of the direction control valves, since chloride ions destabilize the passive film. Other materials, claimed to be seawater tolerant, are starting to be used in this system. However, problems can still exist due to the complex factors relating to the corrosion process and how the environmental parameters affect the corrosion mechanisms. In this work, the corrosion behaviour of a Nickel Tungsten Carbide (NTC) cermet is compared with stainless steel 316L, in four different water-glycol hydraulic fluids and 50% fluid/50% seawater solutions using an electrochemical test methodology. Detailed conclusions are then made to summarize the advantages and the disadvantages of NTC to be used in this system. The effects of each factor on the corrosion rates and mechanisms are discussed.
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摘要 :
Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is...
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Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is that seawater ingress can have a great effect on stainless steel 316L, the most commonly used material for the failed components of the direction control valves, since chloride ions destabilize the passive film. Other materials, claimed to be seawater tolerant, are starting to be used in this system. However, problems can still exist due to the complex factors relating to the corrosion process and how the environmental parameters affect the corrosion mechanisms. In this work, the corrosion behaviour of a Nickel Tungsten Carbide (NTC) cermet is compared with stainless steel 316L, in four different water-glycol hydraulic fluids and 50% fluid/50% seawater solutions using an electrochemical test methodology. Detailed conclusions are then made to summarize the advantages and the disadvantages of NTC to be used in this system. The effects of each factor on the corrosion rates and mechanisms are discussed.
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摘要 :
Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is...
展开
Corrosion failures of components in electro-hydraulic control systems can have serious consequences for the operation of an entire subsea oil recovery system, especially in water depths more than 150 metres. One reason for this is that seawater ingress can have a great effect on stainless steel 316L, the most commonly used material for the failed components of the direction control valves, since chloride ions destabilize the passive film. Other materials, claimed to be seawater tolerant, are starting to be used in this system. However, problems can still exist due to the complex factors relating to the corrosion process and how the environmental parameters affect the corrosion mechanisms.
In this work, the corrosion behaviour of a Nickel Tungsten Carbide (NTC) cermet is compared with stainless steel 316L, in four different water-glycol hydraulic fluids and 50% fluid/50% seawater solutions using an electrochemical test methodology. Detailed conclusions are then made to summarize the advantages and the disadvantages of NTC to be used in this system. The effects of each factor on the corrosion rates and mechanisms are discussed.
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